Error Handling in Python

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Error handling is an essential part of programming that helps to gracefully manage and recover from errors during the execution of a program. In this post, we will explore how to handle errors in Python using try, except, else, and finally blocks, as well as how to raise and create custom exceptions.

1. Understanding Exceptions

Exceptions are events that disrupt the normal flow of a program’s execution. Python provides a robust mechanism to handle these exceptions and take appropriate actions to prevent program crashes.

Common Exceptions:

  • SyntaxError: Raised when there is a syntax error in the code.
  • TypeError: Raised when an operation is performed on an incorrect data type.
  • ValueError: Raised when a function receives an argument of the correct type but an inappropriate value.
  • IndexError: Raised when trying to access an index that is out of range.
  • KeyError: Raised when trying to access a key that is not in the dictionary.

2. Try and Except Blocks

The try block lets you test a block of code for errors, while the except block lets you handle the error.

Example:

python

try:

    result = 10 / 0

except ZeroDivisionError:

    print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

Output:

vbnet

Error: Division by zero is not allowed.

3. Else Block

The else block lets you execute code if no exceptions were raised in the try block.

Example:

python

try:

    result = 10 / 2

except ZeroDivisionError:

    print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

else:

    print("The result is:", result)

Output:

csharp

The result is: 5.0

4. Finally Block

The finally block lets you execute code, regardless of whether an exception was raised or not. It is commonly used for cleaning up resources.

Example:

python

try:

    file = open("example.txt", "r")

    content = file.read()

except FileNotFoundError:

    print("Error: File not found.")

finally:

    file.close()

    print("File closed.")

Output:

arduino

Error: File not found.

File closed.

5. Raising Exceptions

You can raise exceptions in your code using the raise keyword.

Example:

python

def check_age(age):

    if age < 18:

        raise ValueError("Age must be at least 18.")

    return "Access granted."

try:

    print(check_age(15))

except ValueError as e:

    print(e)

Output:

Age must be at least 18.

6. Creating Custom Exceptions

You can create your own exceptions by defining a new class that inherits from the built-in Exception class.

Example:

python

class CustomError(Exception):

    pass

def check_number(num):

    if num > 100:

        raise CustomError("Number cannot be greater than 100.")

    return "Number is valid."

try:

    print(check_number(150))

except CustomError as e:

    print(e)

Output:

javascript

Number cannot be greater than 100.

7. Multiple Except Blocks

You can have multiple except blocks to handle different types of exceptions separately.

Example:

python

try:

    number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

    result = 10 / number

except ValueError:

    print("Error: Invalid input. Please enter a number.")

except ZeroDivisionError:

    print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")

Output (if a non-integer is entered):

typescript

Error: Invalid input. Please enter a number.

Output (if zero is entered):

vbnet

Error: Division by zero is not allowed.
Error Handling in Python

Conclusion

In this post, we covered the basics of error handling in Python, including how to use try, except, else, and finally blocks, how to raise and create custom exceptions, and how to handle multiple exceptions. Proper error handling is crucial for creating robust and user-friendly applications. In the next post, we will explore Python modules and packages, which are essential for organizing and reusing code. Stay tuned!

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