File Handling in Python

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File handling is an essential part of programming that allows you to read from and write to files. In this post, we will explore how to handle files in Python, including reading, writing, and working with different file modes.

1. Opening and Closing Files

To work with files in Python, you first need to open them using the open() function, which returns a file object. After working with the file, it’s crucial to close it using the close() method to free up system resources.

Syntax:

python

file = open("filename", "mode")

# Perform file operations

file.close()

Example:

python

# Opening a file in read mode

file = open("example.txt", "r")

# Perform file operations

file.close()

File Modes:

  • ‘r’: Read mode (default)
  • ‘w’: Write mode (creates a new file or truncates an existing file)
  • ‘a’: Append mode (adds content to the end of the file)
  • ‘b’: Binary mode (used with other modes for binary files)
  • ‘t’: Text mode (default, used with other modes for text files)
  • ‘+’: Read and write mode (used with other modes)
File Handling in Python

2. Reading from Files

You can read the contents of a file using methods like read(), readline(), and readlines().

2.1. read() Method

Reads the entire content of the file as a string.

Example:

python

file = open("example.txt", "r")

content = file.read()

print(content)

file.close()

2.2. readline() Method

Reads one line at a time from the file.

Example:

python

file = open("example.txt", "r")

line = file.readline()

print(line)

file.close()

2.3. readlines() Method

Reads all the lines of the file and returns them as a list.

Example:

python

file = open("example.txt", "r")

lines = file.readlines()

for line in lines:

    print(line.strip())  # Using strip() to remove newline characters

file.close()

3. Writing to Files

You can write content to a file using methods like write() and writelines().

3.1. write() Method

Writes a string to the file.

Example:

python

file = open("example.txt", "w")

file.write("Hello, World!")

file.close()

3.2. writelines() Method

Writes a list of strings to the file.

Example:

python

lines = ["Hello, World!\n", "Welcome to Python file handling.\n"]

file = open("example.txt", "w")

file.writelines(lines)

file.close()

4. Using with Statement

Using the with statement to open a file is recommended because it ensures that the file is properly closed after its suite finishes, even if an exception is raised.

Example:

python

with open(“example.txt”, “r”) as file:

    content = file.read()

    print(content)

5. File Handling in Binary Mode

For binary files (e.g., images, videos), you can use the ‘b’ mode.

Example:

python

# Reading a binary file

with open("example.jpg", "rb") as file:

    content = file.read()

    print(content[:10])  # Print the first 10 bytes

# Writing to a binary file

with open("example_copy.jpg", "wb") as file:

    file.write(content)

6. File Handling Exceptions

When working with files, it’s crucial to handle exceptions that may arise, such as FileNotFoundError, IOError, etc.

Example:

python

try:

    with open("nonexistent_file.txt", "r") as file:

        content = file.read()

except FileNotFoundError:

    print("File not found. Please check the file path.")

except IOError:

    print("An error occurred while reading the file.")

Conclusion

In this post, we covered the basics of file handling in Python, including how to read from and write to files, work with different file modes, and handle exceptions. Understanding file handling is essential for many applications, such as data processing and logging. In the next post, we will explore error handling in Python, including try-except blocks and custom exceptions. Stay tuned!

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